APR ENERGY PLC April 2015
Jenny Lin, Founder of Asia Taktik LLC
Summary
In fiscal year (FY) 2014 and 2015, Myanmar averaged 7.8% gross domestic product (GDP) growth - which is significant compared to the 3% growth rate for most econo- mies. The catalyst behind the growth was the suspension of sanctions, which led to surge in foreign direct investments (FDI) and relative ease in Myanmar's business climate. While a significant amount of the FDI are directed to Myanmar's power and oil and gas sectors, electricity shortage remains a key challenge; according to the Ministry of Electric Power (MOEP), this shortfall is attributable to theft, poor infra- structure, and lack of investment.
To bring electricity to more people in Myanmar, American companies are already contributing to Myanmar's energy development. In 2012, the Myanmar govern- ment selected General Electric's (GE) aeroderivative gas turbine technology and technical advisory services to build a natural gas-fired power plant. The plant, lo- cated in Alhone Township, Yangon City, will produce 100 megawatts (MW).1 In 2014, Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE) signed a two-year agreement with APR Energy to build the first US-Myanmar power generation. APR Energy's famous turn- key solution managed to produce one of the largest thermal plants in Myanmar in about three months. Dubbed the "pop-up power stations" by BBC News, APR En- ergy's Kyaukse power plant is run by 68 of the newest generation CAT Gas Power
Modules (GPM); as of 2014, the pow- er plant had a capacity of 100 MW.2
As of March 2015, it had guaranteed minimum delivery of 82 MW to 102
MW.3
Much more can be done. American companies should consider the MOEP's open invitation for the fol- lowing collaboration schemes: 1) Capital investment under the in- dependent power producer (IPP) scheme; 2) Township-wise privati- zation in distribution; 3) Invest- ment in material and equipment in planned projects; 4) Upgrade, extend and refurbish distribution system; 5) Investment in smart grid and outage management project;
6) Application distribution software and training.
Companies should tread carefully and understand the ministries re- sponsible for the power sector to identify relevant policies and regu- lations; more importantly, they should seek expert advice where applicable. James Wendelken, founder of Capformance and Asia Taktik advisor, has a special focus on advancing productivity, standards, reliability, safety, growth and sus- tainability in STEM (Science, Tech- nology, Engineering, Math) indus- tries; other Asia Taktik advisors are specialized in mitigating political, market, legal, and operational risks of doing business in Asian countries.
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For more information about Asia Taktik LLC, please visit www.asiataktik.com.
Background
• The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is located in a strategic, resource-rich region in Southeast Asia;
• It is neighbor to the People's Republic of China, Laos, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India;
• It has access to the Indian Ocean and the
Andaman Sea;
• It exports products that include rice, fishery and mineral;
• It covers a total area of 676,581 sq. km, and is home to approximately 51 million people;4
• Since 2011, policy reforms and the easing of U.S. and E.U. sanctions have triggered a "gold rush."
Surging FDI and Cross-Sector Reforms
According to the Myanmar Investment Commission, Myanmar's reformed Foreign Investment Law explain much of the surge in FDI.5 During FY 2010-
2011, about $756 million FDI entered Myanmar6;
$3.5 billion in FY 2013-14; $6.62 billion between
April and December 2014; and only months into
2015, it is estimated that Myanmar has received more than $6 billion in FDI.7 Among the top investors are China (i.e., mainland and Hong Kong), South Korea, and Thailand, which have injected an estimated 71.9%, 10%, and 8% respectively, of the total FDI in Myanmar between 2008 and 2013, according to KasikornBank, a Thailand-based bank.8
The Foreign Investment Law of 1988 was updated in 2012 to allow foreign investors to access Myanmar's economic incentives in return for capital investments. Companies interested in investing in the country are encouraged to register under the Foreign Investment Law as registered companies enjoy advantages over unregistered companies.
According to Tilleke & Gibbins, a leading law firm in Southeast Asia, registered companies enjoy:
1) Basic "guarantees" against nationalization and arbitrary state actions and that invested foreign capital may be remitted in the same currency when the term of the investment contract expires;
2) Long-term leases for permitted foreign or joint venture companies with terms of up to 50 years, which are extendable twice for further 10-year periods (i.e., to a maximum of 70 years); 3) Provisions for the repatriation of profits and invested funds on an ongoing basis, subject to payment of taxes and creditors; 4) Tax exemption for at least five consecutive years, commercial tax relief, and customs and other tax relief.9
Myanmar's cross-sector policy reforms have made for an even friendlier business climate. In
2013, for example, the government 1) removed import/export licensing requirements on approximately 600 products; 2) approved new provisions on FDI Law, allowing foreign investors to venture into certain sectors under the 80% equity requirement with 20% Myanmar citizen ownership, among others; 3) endorsed the Central Bank of Myanmar Law that, paving the way for an operationally independent Central Bank;10 4) enacted a new telecommunications law, which allowed the issuance of operating licenses to foreign entities and the establishment of the Myanmar Telecommunications Commission, an independent regulator.
Since the suspension of sanctions, multinational corporations, such as Microsoft, Cisco, Gap Inc., Hewlett Packard, Johnson and Johnson, Proctor and Gamble, Coca-Cola, Ford, Samsung, and Unilever, as well as Johns Hopkins University, have ventured to Myanmar. But more can be done.
Virtually all sectors comprising Myanmar's economy remain underdeveloped. These include agriculture, infrastructure, hotels, manufacturing, natural resources, power, professional services, telecommunications, transportation, and tourism. Among the sectors, the power sector is crucial to Myanmar's future development and remains a weak link because of electricity theft and outdated infrastructure and technology.
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Domestic Power Shortage
Myanmar is in dire need of increased power generation, upgraded electricity transmission and improved distribution systems for its domestic end users. The country has a 33% electrification rate; out of 51 million of Myanmar's population, only 3.1 million to 12.8 million have access to electricity.11
According to officials from the MOEP, the power shortage is associated with theft of electricity, poor infrastructure, and lack of investment.
Electricity Theft
Electricity theft is a major concern of the MOEP. Theft enforcement is virtually impossible without smart meters in place and it increases the cost of power production; more importantly, the reliability of the power distribution system
is called into question when electricity is not delivered to legitimate consumers. That said, Myanmar's high poverty and unemployment rates are contributing factors to the people's unwillingness to pay. More than 15.3 million people (30% of the total population) in Myanmar live below the international poverty line (i.e., less than $1.25 per day). In comparison, Cambodia has about
3.1 million people (20 percent of its total population) living below the poverty line, according to the CIA World FactBook.
Unfortunately, electricity theft is not unique to Myanmar. In Asia, Vietnam reported more than 2,300 cases of stolen electricity in its northern provinces and cities in 2012.12 During the first five months in
2012, Electricity of Vietnam Group reported a $310.4
million loss in revenue due to theft.13 And, in India, according to Ratul Puri, Chairman of Hindustan Powerprojects, about 80% of electricity loss is due to theft, contributing to blackouts as well as an annual loss of $17 billion in revenue.14
In the U.S., it is estimated that up to $6 billion of electricity is stolen as of 2010. In Houston, Texas, legitimate consumers bear the costs of unpaid electricity of up to $14 million.15 The Houston Police Department stated, in a KHOU news interview, that at least 10,000 people are engaged in electricity theft,
3
and about 60% to 70% of meters are manipulated. A senior representative at Center Point Energy acknowledged in a Forbes article that "about 1% of total electric load, and about 2% of the electricity provided to the residential and small commercial sector where the theft is more prevalent."
Poor Infrastructure and Lack of Diversified
Energy Mix
In theory, Myanmar should be producing enough electricity for its legitimate consumers. History shows that the country consistently produces more electricity than it consumes (see Figure 1). The government claims that in addition to theft, blackouts stem from the aging facilities, outdated transmission and distribution lines, and using hydropower as a base load.
First, Myanmar's aging power plants do not have the capability to produce at maximum capacity. Currently, Myanmar has 44 power plants in the grid system - 25 hydro, 18 gas and steam, and 1 coal; the total system installed capacity is about 4,720
MW, according to MOEP. Many of these facilities need upgrades. For example, an old plant in the eastern Mon state uses 40 year old technology and produces only 40 MW;16 the NHK17 (Nippon Hoso Kyokai) reports that a thermal plant's efficiency has declined since it was built with Japanese assistance
30 years ago.18
Second, outdated transmission and distribution infrastructure present another challenge. About
20% of electricity is lost during transmission and distribution. As of December 2014, Myanmar
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operates on a total of 267 transmission lines and 208 substations with a total system installed capacity of 9375.5 MVA; the government seeks to upgrade and expand the 55, 39, and 173 transmission lines, which operate under 230kV, 132kV, and 66kV, respectively, and span 11,043.1 km. The current capacity for distribution facilities is 8,161.42 MVA. The government seeks technical expertise to refurbish and to upgrade a total of 9,943 substations and a total of 10,004 km of distribution lines, which operate at five voltage levels: 230 kV, 66 kV, 33kV,
11kV, and 6.6kV.
Third, Myanmar's use of hydropower as base load yields unreliable power generation. About 70% of electricity is generated by hydropower; Myanmar's dry season runs from November to April, leaving certain hydropower stations unable to produce at maximum capacity due to insufficient water inflow. As a result, about 2/3 of Myanmar's primary electricity consumption comes from biomass and waste, i.e., wood, charcoal, manure, and crop residues.19 And for those who can afford them, solar panels are popular among people living off-grid.20
Looking ahead, there is a clear incentive for the MOEP to commit to resolving their power shortage issues. Electricity demand will continue to increase beyond 2020 (see Figure 2) and current industry consumption lags behind household demand (see Figure 3). If MOEP manages to increase electricity
production and reliability, then the likelihood of more FDI in the manufacturing and commercial sectors will increase.
The bottom line for Myanmar is: more industries, more jobs, and higher employment mean more legitimate power consumers and revenues.
Despite surging FDI and the launch of the National Electrification Plan,21 Myanmar needs more investment in all available resources: hydro, coal, natural gas, solar, and wind. Between 2008 and 2013, about 47% of the total share of FDI in Myanmar is in the power sector, and about 40% in oil and gas.22 But most of these investments lock Myanmar into exporting a significant amount of electricity produced to Thailand and China. And a recent study claims that Myanmar could be exporting up to 10,000 MW of hydroelectricity to Thailand, and up to 31,451 MW of electricity to China for an unspecified time period.23
Policy wise, MOEP seeks to: 1) deploy gas turbine power generation in the short-run, and build hydropower generations in the long-run; 2) increase power generation capacity, and power transmission and distribution efficiency; and 3) promote new and renewable energy sources for electricity production. To attract
the needed investments to upgrade Myanmar's energy infrastructure, MOEP's latest development plan consists of:
1) sole investment by the MOEP; 2) investment by local entrepreneurs on build-operate-transfer (B.O.T.) basis; and
3) investment by foreign companies on joint-venture (JV) and/or on B.O.T. basis.
Additionally, new electricity prices have been effective as of November 2013. Households in Myanmar now pay $0.03 per unit (35 Kyats) for 1 to 100 units, and
$0.05 per unit (50 Kyats) for more than
100 units; and industries pay $0.10 per unit (100 Kyats) for one to 5,000 units, and
$0.14 per unit (150 Kyats) for more than
5,000 units for industries.24 While higher electricity prices are unpopular with the people of Myanmar, a 2012 Harvard Kennedy School report points out that the price adjustment is necessary if the
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country wants to double its electricity production and minimize blackouts.25
On implementation, the government has gas-fired engine projects to fulfill demand in the short-run. In 2014, five projects have been initiated: four in the Yangon region, and one in the Mandalay region, adding about 326 MW of installed capacity. As of 2015, MOEP aims to add about 438 MW to the grid to meet summer demand by increasing power production at nine of its current facilities. As for long-term planning, Myanmar has several projects in motion: About eight gas power plant projects are underway, which will add another 1,284 MW between 2016 and 2019. The government is also considering proposals that include: building gas engine barge and floating LNG storage and power
plants from Turkey, Norway, Finland, and India.
Project Selection
Myanmar uses the tender process to select projects. For independent power producers, there are 14 steps to the procurement process, which seeks to identify projects well-aligned with the government's electricity-expansion goals. The time frame for completing the 14 steps varies.26 For key decision- making bodies in the power sector see Figure 4.
Conclusion
Myanmar's power and oil and gas sectors have benefited from over 85% of the total share of FDI between 2008 and 2013, and yet, over 48 million
power plant
IMAGE CREDIT: CITY OF COLUMBIA
high voltage transmission lines
power substation
distribution lines
customer
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people in Myanmar still do not have access to electricity. Without sufficient and reliable electricity, low productivity and a high cost of doing business will hobble the country's modernization efforts. To build a sustainable economy, the government of Myanmar must strike a balance between exporting energy and leveraging FDI for Myanmar's domestic power supply.
In addition to building reliable electricity infrastructure, Myanmar needs time to integrate
new technological and industrial capabilities
into its economy. James Wendelken, Principal Capformance and Asia Taktik Advisor, notes that transferring technological capabilities and industry knowledge into foreign countries is challenging because it is very much a constructive process that must be done among the people. It takes time for employees to improve how they utilize resources such as industry standards, technical decision tables, or manufacturing tools, and it takes time to tie knowledge to departmental decision making as departments have various specialized functions and employees contending with change to avoid a steep learning curve are potential problems.
As Myanmar undertakes political and economic reform, business is subject to risk. It is crucial for companies doing business with Myanmar to identify relevant ministries responsible for policy and implementation, and to understand that the Myanmar military continue to influence many sectors of the economy, including but not limited to the energy sector. Therefore, American companies should thoroughly investigate the market and seek professional advice where appropriate.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASE- AN) was established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thai- land. Its founding fathers are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. It consists of
10 member states:
• Brunei
• Cambodia
• Indonesia
• Laos
• Malaysia
• Myanmar
• Philippines
• Singapore
• Thailand
• Vietnam
Malaysia is the Chair of ASEAN for 2015 under the theme of "Our People, Our Community, Our Vi- sion."
Visit www.asean.org for more information.
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References
1 "About GE in Myanmar: Who We Are," General Electric, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.ge.com/
news/company-information/myanmar.
2 "Jonah Fisher, "Myanmar turns to pop-up power stations," BBC News, December 18, 2014, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-30512017. And "Myanmar Distributed Power," APR Energy, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.aprenergy.com/myanmardistributed-power.
3 "APR Energy expands turnkey power plant in Myanmar," APR Energy, accessed April 9, 2015, http://
www.aprenergy.com/content/apr-energy-expands-turnkey-power-plant-myanmar.
4 Based on the Ministry of Electric Power presentation on January 2015, Myanmar has a population of 51 million. But according to the CIA World FactBook, Myanmar's population is 55.7 million.
5 The government is consolidating Myanmar Citizens Investment Law of 2013 and the Foreign Investment Law of 2012, which shows its commitment to the ASEAN Economic Community. Achara Deboonme and Khine Kyaw, "Myanmar kicksoff investment law modernization," The Nation, March 9, 2015, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/aec/Myanmar-kicks-off-investment-law-modernisa-
tion- 30255535.html.
6 Bissinger. Jared. "Foreign Investment in Myanmar: A Resource Boom but a Development Bust?" Ac- cessed on April 9, 2015, http://www.academia.edu/1534773/Foreign_Investment_in_Myanmar.
7 "Myanmar sees foreign investment topping $5bln in 2014-15," Reuters, September 16, 2014, ac- cessed April 9, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/16/myanmar-investment-idUSL3N0R- H3EZ20140916. And referenced Kyaw Hsu Mon, "Record Foreign Direct Investment Smashes Govern- ment Forecasts," The IRRAWADDY, January 16, 2015, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.irrawaddy.org/business/record-foreign-direct-investment-smashes-government-forecasts. html.
8 "Myanmar Investment Climate: How Thai banks can support investors to do businesses," Slideshare, ac- cessed April 9, 2015, http://www.slideshare.net/veerayuth99/myanmar-investment-climate-oct-2013.
9 "Myanmar legal update: moving toward market liberalization," Tilleke & Gibbins, last modified Decem- ber 2, 2014, accessed April 10, 2015,
http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=58747b34-f510-4faf-b276-12e8ae4bdc08.
10 To recognize the reforms in Myanmar, in 2013 the Obama administration issued general licenses to allow Americans to conduct financial-related activities with four of Myanmar's banks: Asia Green Devel- opment Bank, Ayeyarwady Bank, Myanmar Economic Bank, and Myanmar Investment and Commercial Bank. Referenced The World Bank Group. "Myanmar Economic Monitor." October 2013. http://www. worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/EAP/Myanmar/Myanmar_Economic_Monitor _Oc- tober_2013.pdf. And Pedro Jose F. Bernardo. "Myanmar's Telecommunication Revolution." Crossroads Quarterly Business Magazine.
http://www.crossroadsmyanmar.com/analyses/myanmar%E2%80%99s-telecommunications-revolution.
11 Based on the Myanmar's Ministry of Electric Power presentation, about 3.1 million were counted as consumers; whereas the US Commercial Service reports about 25% of Myanmar's total population has access to electricity, which is approximately 12,750,000. See "Doing Business in Burma: 2014 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies," U.S. Commercial Service, accessed April 10, 2015,
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http://export.gov/thailand/build/groups/public/@eg_th/documents/webcontent/eg_th_076542.pdf.
12 "Increasing cases of power theft raise public concern," Viet Nam News, November 14, 2012, http://vietnamnews.vn/social-issues/232757/increasing-cases-of-power-theft-raise-public-concern.html.
13 Cesar Tordesillas, "Vietnam's electricity loss at $310.4M in Jan-May," Asian Power, June 13, 2012, http://
asian-power.com/regulation/news/vietnams-electricity-loss-3104m-in-jan-may.
14 Rakteem Katakey and Rajesh Kumar Singh, "India fights to keep the lights on," Bloomberg, June 5, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2014-06-05/india-fights-electricity-theft-as-modi-pledges-energy- upgrade.
15 "Electricity theft: Dangerous trend that's costing honest Houstonians money," KHOU, April 30, 2010, http://www.khou.com/story/news/2014/07/11/11310618/.
16 "World Bank approves $140 million for Myanmar electricity," Reuters, September 24, 2013, http://www. reuters.com/article/2013/09/24/us-worldbank-myanmar-idUSBRE98N1B620130924.
17 NHK is a Japanese news-broadcasting corporation.
18 "Securing a stable power supply is another major challenge. This thermal power plant was built with Japanese development assistance during the 1980s. Almost 30 years on, the plant is still running. But the operator says its efficiency has dropped. Myanmar has many old power plants like this one that need to be upgraded." Referenced "Inside Asia: Powering Myanmar," NHK World, November 18, 2014, http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/news/insideasia/2014111802.html.
19 "Burma relies heavily on hydropower for most of its electricity generation (71% in 2011). The electricity sector fails to meet the country's needs, with about 49% of the total population and 29% of the rural popu- lation having access to electricity in 2011, according IEA estimates. In addition, aging power plants and poor electricity transmission infrastructure cause severe power shortages. Consequently, traditional bio- mass and waste (typically consisting of wood, charcoal, manure, and crop residues) is widely utilized and accounts for about two-thirds of Burma's primary energy consumption. This has prompted efforts to invest in more hydroelectric, natural gas, and coal-fired electric capacity, improve grid reliability, and promote demand management." Referenced "Burma (Myanmar)," U.S. Energy Information Administration, last updated May 30, 2013, accessed April 10, 2015,
http://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=bm.
20 "…the "Power Light" shop showcases more contemporary wares: Chinese-made solar panels. For a few hundred bucks, a small fortune in Myanmar, buyers can install their own personal energy supply outside their homes. The cheapest model, a $60 hand-held unit, contains a jack to charge an increasingly common gadget in Myanmar: mobile phones. "We're selling more and more solar panels. But not much to city peo- ple," said Kyaw Phyoe Khin Aung, a 30-year-old shopkeeper at Power Light. "Mostly people buying it and taking it back out to the villages." Slick panels have become a jarring new sight in off-grid villages…By day, solar power is captured inside car batteries. By night, the batteries power radios and lightbulbs." Referenced Patrick Winn, "Myanmar's real power struggle? Keeping the lights on," Global Post, June 23, 2012, http:// www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/120622/myanmar-burma-electricity-power-strug- gle-black-outs.
21 To help Myanmar meet its domestic demands, The World Bank Group (the Bank) has pledged $1 billion
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in 2014 to expand electricity generation, transmission and distribution in the country. Additionally, the Bank is working with the Myanmar government to implement the National Electrification Plan to achieve universal electricity access by 2030. To accomplish this, the plan estimates that 7.2 million new household electricity connections will be required, and an average of 450,000 new connections per year will need to be built. "The National Electrification Plan envisions expansion of Myanmar's electricity grid, using geo- spatial mapping techniques to ensure the grid is rolled out at least cost. At the same time, the Plan calls for mini-grids and off-grid solutions such as solar home systems to be developed for more remote locations to ensure that these areas are not left behind, and receive basic electricity services such as lighting and charg-
ing for small appliances and mobile phones, while the grid is being built out... "The national power generat- ing capacity is now at more than 4000 MW. But it now generates just more than 3000 MW as every plant
is not fully running," said an official from the ministry." Referenced "Powering Up Myanmar: More Than
7 million New Electricity Connections Needed by 2030," The World Bank Group, last updated October 8,
2014, accessed April 10, 2015,
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/10/08/powering-up-myanmar-more-than-7-million- new-electricity-connections-needed-by-2030.
22 "Myanmar Investment Climate: How Thai banks can support investors to do businesses," Slideshare, accessed April 9, 2015, http://www.slideshare.net/fullscreen/veerayuth99/myanmar-investment-climate- oct-2013/8.
23 "Analysts say that Myanmar should prioritize supplying electricity to 75 per cent of the population rather than exporting and it should carry out small hydropower projects rather than big ones that can be harm- ful to the environment and people in each regions and areas. The country employs only a little amount of natural gas to generate power domestically and exports the most." Referenced "Eleven Media: Myanmar exporting huge amounts of power despite small domestic supply,"BurmaNet News, November 3, 2014, http://www.burmanet.org/news/2014/11/03/eleven-media-myanmar-exporting-huge-amounts-of-power- despite-small-domestic-supply/. And referenced "Hydropower in Myanmar: Sector analysis and related legal reforms." The International Journal on Hydropower & Dams, volume 21 issue 3 (2014). http://www. dfdl.com/images/stories/140624_DFDL_Iss3.pdf.
24 "The electricity charge prices for public household will remain unchanged as 35 Kyats (0.036 U.S. dollar) per unit on consumption of power from one unit to 100 units, while that above 100 units will be changed to 50 Kyats per unit. The charge prices for public industry, enterprises and lump sum will also remain
unchanged as 100 Kyats per unit on consumption from one unit to 5,000 units, while that above 5,000 units will be revised to 150 Kyats per unit. The charge prices for government departments will be 50 Kyats per unit for office use, while that for state industrial use will be 100 Kyats per unit." Referenced
"Myanmar revises electricity prices to cover production cost," Mizzima News, October 29, 2013, http://ar- chive-3.mizzima.com/mizzima-news/myanmar/item/10443-myanmar-revises-electricity-prices-to-cover- production-cost/10443-myanmar-revises-electricity-prices-to-cover-production-cost.
25 "The wholesale cost of electricity in Yunnan, China is 0.5 yuan per kWh (7.9 cents) for industry and
0.379 yuan per kWh (6 cents) for residential users. For delivered industrial power, it is necessary to add 2-4 cents per kWh, depending on how dispersed the customers are. If Myanmar wants to be in a position to double electricity output every five or six years, it will have to price its electricity at the cost of the highest marginal (new) source, which will be either gas or private/FDI hydroelectricity. Keeping prices low means keeping blackouts and load shedding in place, since there will not be funds to supply or distribute the amount demanded." Referenced David Dapice. "Myanmar: Negotiating Nation Building." Harvard Ken- nedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation. http://www.ash.harvard.edu/extension/ash/docs/electricitydemand.pdf. And referenced "Search: Myanmar electricity," Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, accessed
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April 10, 2015, http://ash.harvard.edu/search/site/myanmar%20electricity.
26 The 14 steps are: 1) Site selection; 2) Form committee; 3) A. Consultation; B. call tender for pre-qualifi- cation (PQ); 4) Evaluate PQ; 5) Announce short listed IPP bidders; 6) Issue request of proposal (RFP) for technology and commercial proposals, land lease agreement (LLA) and public procurement authorities (PPA) to short listed bidders; 7) Technical evaluation; 8) Open commercial of technical accepted bidders;
9) Commercial evaluation; 10) Negotiate with bidders based on the rankings until an agreement is reached;
11) Issue letter of award (LOA) to the winning bidder; 12) Sign memorandum of agreement (MOA) within
45 days of the issuance of LOA; 13) Apply permission from the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC);
14) After MIC permit, then contract signing.
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About Asia Taktik Asia Taktik is a technical consulting firm that helps clients
explore prospective markets,
create opportunities, and establish productive operations in the Asia-Pacific region. We serve as a bridge between the West and East, providing information, plans, and essential support for commercial success in global markets. Our services help government agencies effectively address the challenges of foreign relations and policy implementation in the Asia- Pacific region. Our services help private businesses understand and manage issues related to the geo-political, economic and cultural state of affairs in order to operate profitably in region-specific markets.
Founder and the Board of Advisors
Jenny Lin is the founder of Asia Taktik LLC. Ms. Lin was a Salzburg Fellow and a Sasakawa Peace Foundation Resident Fellow at Pacific Forum, Center for Strategic & International Studies. She simultaneously held research contracts at The Project 2049 Institute and Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. In 2012, Ms. Lin was nominated by the Heinrich Boell Foundation and selected by the American Council on Germany to participate in a study tour to Germany. In 2010, Ms. Lin received the Heinrich Boell Foundation short-term international fellowship to Germany to conduct an independent study on how German-style feed-in-tariff may apply to Inner Mongolia China. Her research focus includes: US foreign policy, US-ASEAN relations, US-Japan alliance, and the People's Republic of China's energy, military, cyber, and space policies and industries.
Ms. Lin holds a Master of Public Policy from American University and B.A. in Government and Asian Studies from the University of Texas in Austin. She is fluent in Mandarin and Min Nan dialect.
Jeff Tennen is an advisor at Asia Taktik, Los Angeles, California. Mr. Tennen recently retired from the United States Marine Corps where he served as an Infantry Officer and a Northeast Asia Regional Area Officer. Prior to his retirement, Mr. Tennen served as Executive Officer for 1st Battalion, 3d Marines and the Operations Officer for 3d Marine Regiment at Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay. Mr. Tennen spent a majority of his career in the Pacific; most notably serving as the Marine Corps Forces Pacific Desk Officer for Japan, Taiwan, China, Korea, and Hong Kong (SAR). Mr. Tennen worked directly for the Commander of Marine Corps Forces Pacific and provided subject matter expertise and insight into the political-military dynamics of Northeast Asia.
Mr. Tennen is currently an MBA candidate (Class of 2016) at UCLA Anderson School of Management with a focus on Asia-Pacific Global Management. He holds a B.A. in History from University of California Riverside, and studied at various military schools, the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, and the Defense Institute of Security Assistance Management. He speaks intermediate level Japanese.
James Wendelken is an advisor at Asia Taktik. He is the founder of Capformance. His passion and focus is advancing productivity, standards, reliability, safety, growth and sustainability in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) industries. He has particular expertise in accelerating and demonstrating the continuous improvement of engineering, technical, manufacturing, operations and supporting functions while increasing employee contributions and reducing uncertainty. Mr. Wendelken has extensive experience in design engineering, application engineering, R&D, manufacturing, training
& development, talent management and workforce improvements.
Mr. Wendelken holds an M.B.A. from Texas A&M University and a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Oklahoma State University.
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About Asia Taktik
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3-Phase intellectual design, which provides 360 degrees of support to clients establishing a global enterprise.
Phase 1 - Research and assessment to identify markets with greatest potential for penetration.
Phase 2 - Five-step risk management process, and strategic & budget planning to map out a soft landing in targeted Asian-Pacific markets.
Phase 3 - Technical assistance, logistics and on-site support for business operations in a foreign country.
Founder and the Board of Advisors
Dr. Christopher Yung is an advisor at Asia Taktik. He previously worked as a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs (CSCMA), Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University. Dr. Yung provides insights and counsel for the Office of Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Intelligence Community, and the Combatant Commanders concerning Asian defense and strategic issues; Asia-Pacific political and economic risk management; Asian military capabilities and current operations; Asian engagement activities with the United States and other countries; and China's political-military relations with other nations in the Asia-Pacific region. Dr. Yung has been the author, editor, and contributor to numerous books, articles and monographs on China's naval and military power.
Dr. Yung holds a Ph.D. in International Relations and International Economics from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at the Johns Hopkins University. He also holds an M.A. in East Asian and China Studies from the same institution. He received language certificates in Mandarin Chinese from Columbia University and the Beijing Foreign Language Teacher's Institute.
StaffJuiying (Crystal) Lin is a web designer at Asia Taktik. She previously worked as production designer at The Phoenix Group. She holds a M.A. in Fine Arts of Interactive Multimedia Design from Long Island University, and a B.F.A. in Art Education from University of North Texas.
© 2015 Asia Taktik LLC, a Texas limited liability company. All rights reserved.
For more information about Asia Taktik LLC, please visit www.asiataktik.com.
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