BLS U S Bureau of Labor Statistics : Quarterly Data Series on Business Employment Dynamics

For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, January 29, 2020	USDL-20-0137
Technical Information:	[phone]	•	[e-mail] • www.bls.gov/bdm
Media Contact:	[phone]	•	[e-mail]

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS - SECOND QUARTER 2019

From March 2019 to June 2019, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector establishments were 7.6 million, an increase of 230,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector establishments were 7.4 million, an increase of 573,000 jobs from the previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 182,000 jobs in the private sector during the second quarter of 2019. (See chart 1, and tables A and 1.)

Chart 1. Total private sector gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted

March 2009 - June 2019

Thousands 9,000

8,000

Gross job gains

7,000

Gross job losses

6,000

5,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NOTE: Shaded area represents National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defined recession period.

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class.

Gross Job Gains

In the second quarter of 2019, gross job gains represented 6.0 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled

6.2 million in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 191,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. Opening establishments accounted for 1.4 million of the jobs gained in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 39,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Gross Job Losses

In the second quarter of 2019, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs in the second quarter of 2019, an increase of 429,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the second quarter of 2019, closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs, an increase of 144,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.)

Chart 2. Private sector gross job gains at expanding establishments and gross job losses at contracting establishments, seasonally adjusted: March 2009 - June 2019

Thousands

Chart 3. Private sector gross job gains at opening establishments and gross job losses at closing establishments, seasonally adjusted: March 2009 - June 2019

Thousands

7,500

6,500

5,500

Expansions

Contractions

1,600

1,500

1,400

1,300

1,200

Openings

4,500

Closings

1,100

'09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

'09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the second quarter of 2019, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) increased by 1,000, to a total of 257,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 848,000 jobs, an increase of 34,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are available through the third quarter of 2018, when 787,000 jobs were lost at 231,000 establishments, an increase of 13,000 jobs from the second quarter of 2018. (See Technical Note and table 8.)

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Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 of 13 industries in the second quarter of 2019. The service-providing industries experienced a net job increase of 161,000 jobs in the second quarter of

2019. Within service-providing industries, professional and business services had the largest over-the- quarter net job increase, with a gain of 108,000 jobs. This was the result of 1,474,000 gross job gains and 1,366,000 gross job losses. The retail trade and leisure and hospitality sectors showed declines in the second quarter of 2019, with 101,000 and 55,000 net job losses respectively. The goods-producing industries experienced a net job increase of 21,000 jobs in the second quarter of 2019. Of the goods- producing industries, natural resources and mining experienced a net increase of 16,000 jobs, construction added 15,000 jobs, while the manufacturing sector showed a net loss of 10,000 jobs. (See table 3.)

Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

			3 months ended
Category	June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
			Levels (in thousands)
Gross job gains.............................	7,655	7,499		7,768		7,375	7,605
At expanding establishments…	6,257	6,122		6,318		6,038	6,229
At opening establishments....	1,398	1,377		1,450		1,337	1,376
Gross job losses............................	7,254	7,432		6,957		6,850	7,423
At contracting establishments	5,967	6,113		5,626		5,649	6,078
At closing establishments......	1,287	1,319		1,331		1,201	1,345
Net employment change1.............	401	67		811		525	182
			Rates (percent)
Gross job gains.............................	6.1	6.0	6.3		5.9	6.0
At expanding establishments…	5.0	4.9	5.1		4.8	4.9
At opening establishments....	1.1	1.1	1.2		1.1	1.1
Gross job losses............................	5.8	6.0	5.6		5.5	5.9
At contracting establishments	4.8	4.9	4.5		4.5	4.8
At closing establishments......	1.0	1.1	1.1		1.0	1.1
Net employment change1.............	0.3	0.0	0.7		0.4	0.1

1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information.

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Firm Size

In the second quarter of 2019, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment gain of 55,000. Firms with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 93,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a net employment gain of 39,000. (See tables 4 and 5.)

States

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 26 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands in the second quarter of 2019. (See tables 6 and 7.)

For More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing [e-mail].

The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2019 are scheduled to be released on Wednesday, April 29, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

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Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW rec- ords. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau's establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic Analysis's Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establish- ment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

		QCEW		BED		CES
Source	∙ Count of UI administrative records	∙ Count of longitudinally-linked UI ad-	∙ Sample survey: 689,000 establishments
		submitted by 10.1 million establish-		ministrative records submitted by 8.2
		ments in first quarter of 2019		million private-sector establishments
Coverage	∙ UI and UCFE coverage, including	∙ UI coverage, excluding government,	Nonfarm wage and salary jobs:
		all employers subject to state and		private households, and establish-	∙	UI coverage, excluding agriculture, private
		federal UI laws		ments with zero employment		households, and self-employed workers
					∙ Other employment, including railroads,
						religious organizations, and other non-
						UI-covered jobs
Publication fre-	∙	Quarterly	∙	Quarterly	∙	Monthly
quency		- 6 months after the end of each		- 7 months after the end of each		- Usually the 3rd Friday after the end
		quarter		quarter		of the week including the 12th of the
						month
Use of UI file	∙ Directly summarizes and publishes	∙ Links each new UI quarter to longitu-	∙ Uses UI file as a sampling frame and to
		each new quarter of UI data		dinal database and directly summa-		annually realign sample-based estimates
				rizes gross job gains and losses		to population counts (benchmarking)
Principal	∙ Provides a quarterly and annual uni-	∙ Provides quarterly employer dynam-	∙ Provides current monthly estimates of
products		verse count of establishments, em-		ics data on establishment openings,		employment, hours, and earnings at the
		ployment, and wages at the county,		closings, expansions, and contractions		MSA, state, and national level by indus-
		metropolitan statistical area (MSA),		at the national level by NAICS super-		try
		state, and national levels by detailed		sectors, 3-digit NAICS, and by size of
		industry		firm, and at the state private-sector to-
				tal level
			∙ Future expansions will include data
				with greater industry detail and data
				at the county and MSA level
Principal uses	∙	Major uses include:	∙	Major uses include:	∙	Major uses include:
		- Detailed locality data		- Business cycle analysis		- Principal federal economic indicator
		- Periodic universe counts for		- Analysis of employer dynamics		- Official time series for employment
		benchmarking sample survey es-		underlying economic expansions		change measures
		timates		and contractions		- Input into other major economic in-
		- Sample frame for BLS establish-		- Analysis of employment expan-		dicators
		ment surveys		sion and contraction by size of
				firm
Program Web	∙	www.bls.gov/cew	∙	www.bls.gov/bdm	∙	www.bls.gov/ces
sites

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures-Quar- terly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Business Employment Dynamics (BED), and Current Employment Statistics (CES)- makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report," which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state.

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of 8.2 million private sector employer reports out of 10.1 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2019. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2019.

Number of active establishments included in

Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level

Millions

Total establishments QCEW program……….10.1

Excluded: Public sector…………………..0.3

Private households…………… 0.2

Zero employment……………..1.4

Total establishments included in Business

Employment Dynamics data………………...8.2

Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establish- ments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either units with positive third month employ-

ment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death statistics.

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWA- ID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the veri-

fication process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm's employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms' sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net change in employment at the establishment level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal de- velopments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts

data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsam- pling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and clos-

ings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related infor- mation. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone [phone]; (www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: [e-mail]).

The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: [phone]; TDD message referral phone number: 1 [phone].

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands)

			1		Gross job gains			Gross job losses
Year	3 months ended	Net change	Total	Expanding		Opening	Total	Contracting		Closing
				establishments		establishments	establishments		establishments
2009	March	-2,680		5,918	4,675		1,243	8,598	7,142		1,456
	June	-1,667		6,425	5,080		1,345	8,092	6,674		1,418
	September	-849		6,399	5,139		1,260	7,248	5,854		1,394
	December	-264		6,665	5,308		1,357	6,929	5,605		1,324
2010	March	-247		6,325	5,108		1,217	6,572	5,324		1,248
	June	698		6,995	5,674		1,321	6,297	5,090		1,207
	September	237		6,741	5,438		1,303	6,504	5,231		1,273
	December	566		7,052	5,639		1,413	6,486	5,219		1,267
2011	March	334		6,540	5,322		1,218	6,206	5,025		1,181
	June	582		6,966	5,625		1,341	6,384	5,115		1,269
	September	841		7,205	5,810		1,395	6,364	5,172		1,192
	December	335		6,865	5,503		1,362	6,530	5,273		1,257
2012	March	948		7,080	5,746		1,334	6,132	5,005		1,127
	June	616		7,051	5,724		1,327	6,435	5,266		1,169
	September	252		6,881	5,571		1,310	6,629	5,430		1,199
	December	695		7,110	5,753		1,357	6,415	5,225		1,190
2013	March	558		6,941	5,705		1,236	6,383	5,201		1,182
	June	674		7,152	5,830		1,322	6,478	5,271		1,207
	September	507		7,058	5,719		1,339	6,551	5,408		1,143
	December	700		7,255	5,926		1,329	6,555	5,353		1,202
2014	March	419		6,953	5,687		1,266	6,534	5,380		1,154
	June	895		7,454	6,114		1,340	6,559	5,342		1,217
	September	577		7,247	5,918		1,329	6,670	5,487		1,183
	December	1,038		7,617	6,248		1,369	6,579	5,346		1,233
2015	March	216		7,040	5,727		1,313	6,824	5,622		1,202
	June	838		7,580	6,236		1,344	6,742	5,550		1,192
	September	466		7,340	5,977		1,363	6,874	5,665		1,209
	December	968		7,827	6,367		1,460	6,859	5,594		1,265
2016	March	242		7,144	5,860		1,284	6,902	5,699		1,203
	June	305		7,448	6,077		1,371	7,143	5,836		1,307
	September	734		7,709	6,249		1,460	6,975	5,730		1,245
	December	351		7,436	6,021		1,415	7,085	5,784		1,301
2017	March	649		7,420	6,086		1,334	6,771	5,588		1,183
	June	473		7,623	6,255		1,368	7,150	5,878		1,272
	September	-68		7,317	5,964		1,353	7,385	6,088		1,297
	December	955		7,814	6,374		1,440	6,859	5,561		1,298
2018	March	707		7,484	6,135		1,349	6,777	5,587		1,190
	June	401		7,655	6,257		1,398	7,254	5,967		1,287
	September	67		7,499	6,122		1,377	7,432	6,113		1,319
	December	811		7,768	6,318		1,450	6,957	5,626		1,331
2019	March	525		7,375	6,038		1,337	6,850	5,649		1,201
	June	182		7,605	6,229		1,376	7,423	6,078		1,345

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 2.	Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1 seasonally adjusted
(Percent)
						Gross job gains			Gross job losses
Year		3 months ended	Net change	2	Total	Expanding		Opening	Total	Contracting		Closing
					establishments		establishments	establishments		establishments
2009		March	-2.4		5.4	4.3		1.1	7.8	6.5		1.3
		June	-1.5		6.0	4.7		1.3	7.5	6.2		1.3
		September	-0.8		6.0	4.8		1.2	6.8	5.5		1.3
		December	-0.3		6.3	5.0		1.3	6.6	5.3		1.3
2010		March	-0.2		6.0	4.8		1.2	6.2	5.0		1.2
		June	0.7		6.6	5.4		1.2	5.9	4.8		1.1
		September	0.2		6.3	5.1		1.2	6.1	4.9		1.2
		December	0.5		6.6	5.3		1.3	6.1	4.9		1.2
2011		March	0.3		6.1	5.0		1.1	5.8	4.7		1.1
		June	0.5		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.9	4.7		1.2
		September	0.8		6.7	5.4		1.3	5.9	4.8		1.1
		December	0.4		6.4	5.1		1.3	6.0	4.8		1.2
2012		March	0.8		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.6	4.6		1.0
		June	0.5		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.9	4.8		1.1
		September	0.2		6.2	5.0		1.2	6.0	4.9		1.1
		December	0.6		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.8	4.7		1.1
2013		March	0.5		6.2	5.1		1.1	5.7	4.6		1.1
		June	0.6		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.8	4.7		1.1
		September	0.5		6.3	5.1		1.2	5.8	4.8		1.0
		December	0.6		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.8	4.7		1.1
2014		March	0.4		6.1	5.0		1.1	5.7	4.7		1.0
		June	0.8		6.5	5.3		1.2	5.7	4.6		1.1
		September	0.5		6.2	5.1		1.1	5.7	4.7		1.0
		December	0.9		6.6	5.4		1.2	5.7	4.6		1.1
2015		March	0.2		6.0	4.9		1.1	5.8	4.8		1.0
		June	0.7		6.4	5.3		1.1	5.7	4.7		1.0
		September	0.5		6.3	5.1		1.2	5.8	4.8		1.0
		December	0.8		6.6	5.4		1.2	5.8	4.7		1.1
2016		March	0.2		6.0	4.9		1.1	5.8	4.8		1.0
		June	0.2		6.2	5.1		1.1	6.0	4.9		1.1
		September	0.6		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.8	4.8		1.0
		December	0.3		6.2	5.0		1.2	5.9	4.8		1.1
2017		March	0.5		6.1	5.0		1.1	5.6	4.6		1.0
		June	0.4		6.2	5.1		1.1	5.8	4.8		1.0
		September	-0.1		6.0	4.9		1.1	6.1	5.0		1.1
		December	0.8		6.4	5.2		1.2	5.6	4.5		1.1
2018		March	0.6		6.1	5.0		1.1	5.5	4.5		1.0
		June	0.3		6.1	5.0		1.1	5.8	4.8		1.0
		September	0.0		6.0	4.9		1.1	6.0	4.9		1.1
		December	0.7		6.3	5.1		1.2	5.6	4.5		1.1
2019		March	0.4		5.9	4.8		1.1	5.5	4.5		1.0
		June	0.1		6.0	4.9		1.1	5.9	4.8		1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels.

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

		Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)		Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category				(3 months ended)						(3 months ended)
	June		Sept.		Dec.		Mar.		June	June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018		2018		2018		2019		2019	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
Total private 1
Gross job gains ………………………	7,655		7,499		7,768		7,375		7,605	6.1	6.0		6.3		5.9	6.0
At expanding establishments ………	6,257		6,122		6,318		6,038		6,229	5.0	4.9		5.1		4.8	4.9
At opening establishments …………	1,398		1,377		1,450		1,337		1,376	1.1	1.1		1.2		1.1	1.1
Gross job losses ………………………	7,254		7,432		6,957		6,850		7,423	5.8	6.0		5.6		5.5	5.9
At contracting establishments ………	5,967		6,113		5,626		5,649		6,078	4.8	4.9		4.5		4.5	4.8
At closing establishments …………	1,287		1,319		1,331		1,201		1,345	1.0	1.1		1.1		1.0	1.1
Net employment change …………..	401		67		811		525		182	0.3	0.0		0.7		0.4	0.1
Goods-producing
Gross job gains ………………………	1,410		1,314		1,406		1,343		1,363	6.5	6.0		6.4		6.1	6.2
At expanding establishments ………	1,212		1,118		1,194		1,149		1,169	5.6	5.1		5.4		5.2	5.3
At opening establishments …………	198		196		212		194		194	0.9	0.9		1.0		0.9	0.9
Gross job losses ………………………	1,271		1,316		1,255		1,232		1,342	5.8	6.0		5.7		5.5	6.0
At contracting establishments ………	1,066		1,116		1,052		1,049		1,135	4.9	5.1		4.8		4.7	5.1
At closing establishments …………	205		200		203		183		207	0.9	0.9		0.9		0.8	0.9
Net employment change …………..	139		-2		151		111		21	0.7	0.0		0.7		0.6	0.2
Natural resources and mining
Gross job gains ………………………	275		240		246		243		265	14.2	12.5		12.6		12.4	13.6
At expanding establishments ………	240		210		214		213		233	12.4	10.9		11.0		10.9	12.0
At opening establishments …………	35		30		32		30		32	1.8	1.6		1.6		1.5	1.6
Gross job losses ………………………	249		247		256		242		249	12.8	12.8		13.2		12.4	12.8
At contracting establishments ………	214		218		227		213		218	11.0	11.3		11.7		10.9	11.2
At closing establishments …………	35		29		29		29		31	1.8	1.5		1.5		1.5	1.6
Net employment change …………..	26		-7		-10		1		16	1.4	-0.3		-0.6		0.0	0.8
Construction
Gross job gains ………………………	695		651		695		698		683	9.6	9.0		9.6		9.3	9.1
At expanding establishments ………	568		526		559		569		560	7.8	7.3		7.7		7.6	7.5
At opening establishments …………	127		125		136		129		123	1.8	1.7		1.9		1.7	1.6
Gross job losses ………………………	643		657		621		614		668	8.9	9.1		8.6		8.2	8.9
At contracting establishments ………	520		535		499		500		540	7.2	7.4		6.9		6.7	7.2
At closing establishments …………	123		122		122		114		128	1.7	1.7		1.7		1.5	1.7
Net employment change …………..	52		-6		74		84		15	0.7	-0.1		1.0		1.1	0.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains ………………………	440		423		465		402		415	3.5	3.3		3.6		3.2	3.2
At expanding establishments ………	404		382		421		367		376	3.2	3.0		3.3		2.9	2.9
At opening establishments …………	36		41		44		35		39	0.3	0.3		0.3		0.3	0.3
Gross job losses ………………………	379		412		378		376		425	3.0	3.3		3.0		2.9	3.3
At contracting establishments ………	332		363		326		336		377	2.6	2.9		2.6		2.6	2.9
At closing establishments …………	47		49		52		40		48	0.4	0.4		0.4		0.3	0.4
Net employment change …………..	61		11		87		26		-10	0.5	0.0		0.6		0.3	-0.1
Service-providing1
Gross job gains ………………………	6,245		6,185		6,362		6,032		6,242	6.1	6.1		6.2		5.8	6.0
At expanding establishments ………	5,045		5,004		5,124		4,889		5,060	4.9	4.9		5.0		4.7	4.9
At opening establishments …………	1,200		1,181		1,238		1,143		1,182	1.2	1.2		1.2		1.1	1.1
Gross job losses ………………………	5,983		6,116		5,702		5,618		6,081	5.9	6.0		5.5		5.4	5.9
At contracting establishments ………	4,901		4,997		4,574		4,600		4,943	4.8	4.9		4.4		4.4	4.8
At closing establishments …………	1,082		1,119		1,128		1,018		1,138	1.1	1.1		1.1		1.0	1.1
Net employment change …………..	262		69		660		414		161	0.2	0.1		0.7		0.4	0.1
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains ………………………	277		275		279		258		267	4.7	4.7		4.8		4.3	4.6
At expanding establishments ………	230		223		228		214		222	3.9	3.8		3.9		3.6	3.8
At opening establishments …………	47		52		51		44		45	0.8	0.9		0.9		0.7	0.8
Gross job losses ………………………	251		269		245		243		262	4.2	4.6		4.1		4.2	4.5
At contracting establishments ………	196		211		190		192		204	3.3	3.6		3.2		3.3	3.5
At closing establishments …………	55		58		55		51		58	0.9	1.0		0.9		0.9	1.0
Net employment change …………..	26		6		34		15		5	0.5	0.1		0.7		0.1	0.1

See footnote at end of table.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted -Continued

		Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)		Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category				(3 months ended)						(3 months ended)
	June		Sept.		Dec.		Mar.		June	June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018		2018		2018		2019		2019	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
Retail trade
Gross job gains ………………………	909		918		847		905		870	5.7	5.8		5.4		5.7	5.6
At expanding establishments ………	774		794		737		789		749	4.9	5.0		4.7		5.0	4.8
At opening establishments …………	135		124		110		116		121	0.8	0.8		0.7		0.7	0.8
Gross job losses ………………………	961		1,002		918		863		971	6.1	6.3		5.8		5.5	6.2
At contracting establishments ………	840		852		787		752		830	5.3	5.4		5.0		4.8	5.3
At closing establishments …………	121		150		131		111		141	0.8	0.9		0.8		0.7	0.9
Net employment change …………..	-52		-84		-71		42		-101	-0.4	-0.5		-0.4		0.2	-0.6
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains ………………………	286		313		421		281		308	5.5	6.0		7.8		5.2	5.7
At expanding establishments ………	245		270		365		240		263	4.7	5.2		6.8		4.4	4.9
At opening establishments …………	41		43		56		41		45	0.8	0.8		1.0		0.8	0.8
Gross job losses ………………………	254		256		239		346		267	4.9	4.9		4.5		6.3	4.9
At contracting establishments ………	217		219		198		311		227	4.2	4.2		3.7		5.7	4.2
At closing establishments …………	37		37		41		35		40	0.7	0.7		0.8		0.6	0.7
Net employment change …………..	32		57		182		-65		41	0.6	1.1		3.3		-1.1	0.8
Utilities
Gross job gains ………………………	13		12		12		12		13	2.4	2.2		2.2		2.2	2.4
At expanding establishments ………	11		10		11		11		11	2.0	1.8		2.0		2.0	2.0
At opening establishments …………	2		2		1		1		2	0.4	0.4		0.2		0.2	0.4
Gross job losses ………………………	15		13		14		13		14	2.7	2.4		2.6		2.4	2.6
At contracting establishments ………	13		12		12		12		12	2.3	2.2		2.2		2.2	2.2
At closing establishments …………	2		1		2		1		2	0.4	0.2		0.4		0.2	0.4
Net employment change …………..	-2		-1		-2		-1		-1	-0.3	-0.2		-0.4		-0.2	-0.2
Information
Gross job gains ………………………	160		150		145		175		162	5.7	5.3		5.1		6.2	5.7
At expanding establishments ………	134		122		116		139		137	4.8	4.3		4.1		4.9	4.8
At opening establishments …………	26		28		29		36		25	0.9	1.0		1.0		1.3	0.9
Gross job losses ………………………	167		156		150		145		163	5.9	5.6		5.3		5.2	5.7
At contracting establishments ………	139		129		121		120		135	4.9	4.6		4.3		4.3	4.7
At closing establishments …………	28		27		29		25		28	1.0	1.0		1.0		0.9	1.0
Net employment change …………..	-7		-6		-5		30		-1	-0.2	-0.3		-0.2		1.0	0.0
Financial activities
Gross job gains ………………………	395		381		394		362		407	4.8	4.6		4.8		4.4	4.9
At expanding establishments ………	313		299		299		290		322	3.8	3.6		3.6		3.5	3.9
At opening establishments …………	82		82		95		72		85	1.0	1.0		1.2		0.9	1.0
Gross job losses ………………………	357		387		376		343		357	4.4	4.8		4.6		4.2	4.3
At contracting establishments ………	276		300		286		261		276	3.4	3.7		3.5		3.2	3.3
At closing establishments …………	81		87		90		82		81	1.0	1.1		1.1		1.0	1.0
Net employment change …………..	38		-6		18		19		50	0.4	-0.2		0.2		0.2	0.6
Professional and business services
Gross job gains ………………………	1,471		1,438		1,508		1,318		1,474	7.0	6.8		7.2		6.3	7.0
At expanding establishments ………	1,196		1,158		1,199		1,074		1,204	5.7	5.5		5.7		5.1	5.7
At opening establishments …………	275		280		309		244		270	1.3	1.3		1.5		1.2	1.3
Gross job losses ………………………	1,374		1,368		1,352		1,318		1,366	6.6	6.6		6.4		6.2	6.4
At contracting establishments ………	1,098		1,099		1,061		1,065		1,085	5.3	5.3		5.0		5.0	5.1
At closing establishments …………	276		269		291		253		281	1.3	1.3		1.4		1.2	1.3
Net employment change …………..	97		70		156		0		108	0.4	0.2		0.8		0.1	0.6
Education and health services
Gross job gains ………………………	1,015		1,014		1,004		1,003		1,016	4.5	4.5		4.4		4.4	4.4
At expanding establishments ………	820		836		816		823		834	3.6	3.7		3.6		3.6	3.6
At opening establishments …………	195		178		188		180		182	0.9	0.8		0.8		0.8	0.8
Gross job losses ………………………	934		917		868		851		975	4.2	4.1		3.8		3.7	4.2
At contracting establishments ………	758		739		686		673		785	3.4	3.3		3.0		2.9	3.4
At closing establishments …………	176		178		182		178		190	0.8	0.8		0.8		0.8	0.8
Net employment change …………..	81		97		136		152		41	0.3	0.4		0.6		0.7	0.2

See footnote at end of table.

Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted -Continued

		Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)		Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category				(3 months ended)						(3 months ended)
	June		Sept.		Dec.		Mar.		June	June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018		2018		2018		2019		2019	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains ………………………	1,353		1,344		1,406		1,338		1,342	8.4	8.3		8.6		8.2	8.1
At expanding establishments ………	1,065		1,049		1,110		1,064		1,062	6.6	6.5		6.8		6.5	6.4
At opening establishments …………	288		295		296		274		280	1.8	1.8		1.8		1.7	1.7
Gross job losses ………………………	1,364		1,418		1,230		1,198		1,397	8.4	8.7		7.6		7.3	8.4
At contracting establishments ………	1,136		1,186		1,004		992		1,160	7.0	7.3		6.2		6.0	7.0
At closing establishments …………	228		232		226		206		237	1.4	1.4		1.4		1.3	1.4
Net employment change …………..	-11		-74		176		140		-55	0.0	-0.4		1.0		0.9	-0.3
Other services
Gross job gains ………………………	318		301		304		299		310	7.5	7.1		7.2		7.0	7.3
At expanding establishments ………	250		236		237		235		246	5.9	5.6		5.6		5.5	5.8
At opening establishments …………	68		65		67		64		64	1.6	1.5		1.6		1.5	1.5
Gross job losses ………………………	286		308		291		276		289	6.8	7.3		6.9		6.5	6.8
At contracting establishments ………	223		244		224		216		223	5.3	5.8		5.3		5.1	5.2
At closing establishments …………	63		64		67		60		66	1.5	1.5		1.6		1.4	1.6
Net employment change …………..	32		-7		13		23		21	0.7	-0.2		0.3		0.5	0.5

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted (In thousands)

		Total private by firm1	Firm size 1 - 49 employees	Firm size 50 - 249 employees	Firm size 250 or more
Year	3 months ended	Net	Gross job	Net	Gross job	Net	Gross job	Net	Gross job
		change	gains	losses	change	gains	losses	change	gains	losses	change	gains	losses
2009	March	-2,638	4,617	7,255	-983	2,721	3,704	-616	810	1,426	-1,039	1,086	2,125
	June	-1,763	5,169	6,932	-474	2,946	3,420	-281	950	1,231	-1,008	1,273	2,281
	September	-906	5,164	6,070	-372	2,826	3,198	-110	932	1,042	-424	1,406	1,830
	December	-317	5,403	5,720	-159	2,940	3,099	-45	962	1,007	-113	1,501	1,614
2010	March	-234	5,115	5,349	-195	2,863	3,058	-2	914	916	-37	1,338	1,375
	June	664	5,805	5,141	235	3,093	2,858	204	1,071	867	225	1,641	1,416
	September	226	5,525	5,299	26	2,946	2,920	87	998	911	113	1,581	1,468
	December	502	5,781	5,279	92	3,051	2,959	92	1,034	942	318	1,696	1,378
2011	March	340	5,375	5,035	99	2,983	2,884	122	971	849	119	1,421	1,302
	June	537	5,746	5,209	190	3,073	2,883	169	1,063	894	178	1,610	1,432
	September	852	5,974	5,122	272	3,137	2,865	171	1,066	895	409	1,771	1,362
	December	297	5,585	5,288	45	2,970	2,925	44	981	937	208	1,634	1,426
2012	March	972	5,904	4,932	388	3,173	2,785	220	1,054	834	364	1,677	1,313
	June	612	5,828	5,216	174	3,039	2,865	158	1,074	916	280	1,715	1,435
	September	226	5,581	5,355	55	2,963	2,908	54	1,006	952	117	1,612	1,495
	December	637	5,779	5,142	180	3,025	2,845	94	1,014	920	363	1,740	1,377
2013	March	582	5,743	5,161	212	3,071	2,859	156	1,029	873	214	1,643	1,429
	June	650	5,906	5,256	226	3,085	2,859	135	1,071	936	289	1,750	1,461
	September	473	5,764	5,291	225	3,063	2,838	69	1,021	952	179	1,680	1,501
	December	631	5,886	5,255	122	3,021	2,899	105	1,034	929	404	1,831	1,427
2014	March	442	5,665	5,223	231	3,070	2,839	149	1,035	886	62	1,560	1,498
	June	893	6,134	5,241	302	3,178	2,876	214	1,119	905	377	1,837	1,460
	September	560	5,865	5,305	197	3,064	2,867	117	1,066	949	246	1,735	1,489
	December	951	6,155	5,204	212	3,105	2,893	150	1,085	935	589	1,965	1,376
2015	March	222	5,669	5,447	166	3,096	2,930	76	1,024	948	-20	1,549	1,569
	June	838	6,248	5,410	319	3,197	2,878	188	1,131	943	331	1,920	1,589
	September	446	5,905	5,459	146	3,053	2,907	75	1,045	970	225	1,807	1,582
	December	860	6,261	5,401	237	3,178	2,941	96	1,077	981	527	2,006	1,479
2016	March	254	5,747	5,493	204	3,118	2,914	56	1,017	961	-6	1,612	1,618
	June	305	6,040	5,735	67	3,123	3,056	113	1,103	990	125	1,814	1,689
	September	728	6,251	5,523	180	3,151	2,971	94	1,086	992	454	2,014	1,560
	December	288	5,909	5,621	72	3,068	2,996	47	1,032	985	169	1,809	1,640
2017	March	663	5,994	5,331	359	3,239	2,880	187	1,078	891	117	1,677	1,560
	June	516	6,193	5,677	143	3,158	3,015	146	1,127	981	227	1,908	1,681
	September	-120	5,821	5,941	-121	2,992	3,113	-51	1,012	1,063	52	1,817	1,765
	December	871	6,222	5,351	240	3,192	2,952	159	1,092	933	472	1,938	1,466
2018	March	729	6,050	5,321	310	3,212	2,902	159	1,064	905	260	1,774	1,514
	June	426	6,179	5,753	128	3,189	3,061	150	1,132	982	148	1,858	1,710
	September	10	5,970	5,960	-102	3,019	3,121	-33	1,026	1,059	145	1,925	1,780
	December	739	6,132	5,393	210	3,182	2,972	151	1,085	934	378	1,865	1,487
2019	March	579	5,944	5,365	280	3,159	2,879	150	1,054	904	149	1,731	1,582
	June	187	6,111	5,924	55	3,137	3,082	93	1,119	1,026	39	1,855	1,816

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted
		Gross job gains and losses (in thousands)			Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment
Category				(3 months ended)							(3 months ended)
June		Sept.		Dec.		Mar.		June		June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018		2018		2018		2019		2019		2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
Total private by firm 1
Gross job gains ……………………	6,179		5,970		6,132		5,944		6,111		4.9	4.8		4.9		4.7	4.8
At expanding firms ………………	5,264		5,086		5,166		5,019		5,215		4.2	4.1		4.1		4.0	4.1
At opening firms ………………	915		884		966		925		896		0.7	0.7		0.8		0.7	0.7
Gross job losses ……………………	5,753		5,960		5,393		5,365		5,924		4.6	4.8		4.3		4.3	4.7
At contracting firms ……………	4,872		5,074		4,508		4,515		5,035		3.9	4.1		3.6		3.6	4.0
At closing firms ……………….	881		886		885		850		889		0.7	0.7		0.7		0.7	0.7
Net employment change ………….	426		10		739		579		187		0.3	0.0		0.6		0.4	0.1
Firm size 1 to 49 employees
Gross job gains ……………………	3,189		3,019		3,182		3,159		3,137		9.2	8.8		9.3		9.1	9.1
At expanding firms ………………	2,315		2,169		2,257		2,259		2,279		6.7	6.3		6.6		6.5	6.6
At opening firms ………………	874		850		925		900		858		2.5	2.5		2.7		2.6	2.5
Gross job losses ……………………	3,061		3,121		2,972		2,879		3,082		8.9	9.1		8.7		8.4	8.9
At contracting firms ……………	2,220		2,271		2,122		2,063		2,225		6.5	6.6		6.2		6.0	6.4
At closing firms ……………….	841		850		850		816		857		2.4	2.5		2.5		2.4	2.5
Net employment change ………….	128		-102		210		280		55		0.3	-0.3		0.6		0.7	0.2
Firm size 50 to 249 employees
Gross job gains ……………………	1,132		1,026		1,085		1,054		1,119		5.1	4.6		4.8		4.7	4.9
At expanding firms ………………	1,096		995		1,054		1,030		1,086		4.9	4.5		4.7		4.6	4.8
At opening firms ………………	36		31		31		24		33		0.2	0.1		0.1		0.1	0.1
Gross job losses ……………………	982		1,059		934		904		1,026		4.4	4.7		4.1		4.0	4.5
At contracting firms ……………	952		1,029		904		878		998		4.3	4.6		4.0		3.9	4.4
At closing firms ……………….	30		30		30		26		28		0.1	0.1		0.1		0.1	0.1
Net employment change ………….	150		-33		151		150		93		0.7	-0.1		0.7		0.7	0.4
Firm size 250 or more employees
Gross job gains ……………………	1,858		1,925		1,865		1,731		1,855		2.7	2.8		2.7		2.5	2.7
At expanding firms ………………	1,853		1,922		1,855		1,730		1,850		2.7	2.8		2.7		2.5	2.7
At opening firms ………………	5		3		10		1		5		0.0	0.0		0.0		0.0	0.0
Gross job losses ……………………	1,710		1,780		1,487		1,582		1,816		2.5	2.6		2.2		2.3	2.6
At contracting firms ……………	1,700		1,774		1,482		1,574		1,812		2.5	2.6		2.2		2.3	2.6
At closing firms ……………….	10		6		5		8		4		0.0	0.0		0.0		0.0	0.0
Net employment change ………….	148		145		378		149		39		0.2	0.2		0.5		0.2	0.1

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

				Gross job gains						Gross job losses
State			(3 months ended)					(3 months ended)
June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June	June	Sept.		Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019	2018	2018		2018		2019	2019
United States 1 …………	7,655,000	7,499,000		7,768,000		7,375,000	7,605,000	7,254,000	7,432,000		6,957,000		6,850,000	7,423,000
Alabama ………………	93,553	95,605		100,816		96,841	93,715	90,394	94,075		85,914		88,823	97,277
Alaska …………………	26,848	21,838		27,051		24,748	26,955	26,274	26,246		24,029		22,229	25,350
Arizona ………………	143,473	159,941		154,406		139,196	140,806	141,803	123,519		126,130		136,405	141,783
Arkansas ………………	51,191	61,294		59,915		53,605	50,642	57,719	56,723		50,421		51,893	58,009
California ……………	993,961	966,144		1,019,583		958,690	986,077	954,808	915,540		893,290		918,099	969,001
Colorado ………………	153,001	149,713		155,491		150,523	161,898	137,876	152,379		137,868		143,527	142,841
Connecticut ……………	83,110	76,246		76,068		74,499	82,537	73,433	81,586		71,454		81,433	83,620
Delaware ………………	24,680	21,797		25,620		24,839	23,225	23,081	24,936		21,770		21,612	24,821
District of Columbia …	29,647	28,183		29,712		29,198	29,227	29,812	29,027		27,027		25,795	29,219
Florida …………………	489,717	519,828		494,076		470,398	500,836	461,536	440,722		466,878		428,898	487,176
Georgia ………………	236,132	253,968		239,126		257,662	236,211	240,777	231,723		217,509		218,890	246,926
Hawaii …………………	28,398	27,332		30,742		28,766	25,041	29,123	29,198		27,198		31,811	32,710
Idaho …………………	44,622	41,300		45,579		46,481	45,151	41,477	41,911		38,775		38,110	41,827
Illinois …………………	291,805	288,877		286,588		273,000	289,823	289,244	297,620		288,063		268,937	277,708
Indiana …………………	145,966	139,987		148,866		156,880	140,418	146,896	141,825		133,677		129,593	155,955
Iowa ……………………	75,164	69,079		75,879		67,346	75,896	71,924	74,868		69,658		71,892	73,362
Kansas …………………	65,217	66,704		69,531		62,736	65,750	63,441	64,414		62,125		64,959	65,932
Kentucky ………………	94,540	90,984		97,782		92,536	91,694	90,495	96,148		87,327		88,220	94,999
Louisiana ………………	98,870	101,284		99,438		95,919	97,369	104,991	100,616		92,940		94,705	105,984
Maine …………………	41,729	31,809		37,301		37,368	39,623	36,986	38,866		34,444		33,681	39,418
Maryland ………………	133,457	137,468		146,421		139,079	138,324	126,397	144,563		138,449		125,036	140,041
Massachusetts …………	191,451	175,065		182,975		180,711	192,471	173,457	192,871		167,127		164,915	179,383
Michigan ………………	210,759	191,034		212,257		193,954	211,732	196,604	231,163		196,309		175,917	219,402
Minnesota ……………	142,600	135,956		142,627		129,422	146,506	130,507	142,031		135,392		128,720	136,281
Mississippi ……………	51,745	52,579		58,977		50,681	52,288	54,204	52,352		47,947		55,297	54,217
Missouri ………………	136,499	142,095		137,961		129,371	135,471	135,700	142,563		128,093		126,018	140,045
Montana ………………	30,525	27,396		34,407		29,494	30,766	29,704	30,117		27,518		31,004	29,660
Nebraska ………………	47,822	47,885		47,835		46,491	46,984	47,343	48,225		46,760		45,655	46,493
Nevada ………………	74,364	81,913		80,193		74,485	73,635	70,770	68,777		67,175		66,481	75,365
New Hampshire ………	38,372	32,249		37,886		36,640	37,129	35,862	38,996		32,781		32,983	36,876
New Jersey ……………	226,662	208,014		223,239		201,365	216,314	202,305	221,513		199,050		198,569	203,764
New Mexico …………	42,557	41,563		43,809		41,983	40,861	40,031	40,829		39,424		38,022	41,409
New York ……………	502,371	486,928		504,548		485,292	492,204	461,346	506,220		460,838		433,874	475,470
North Carolina …………	228,178	209,963		248,759		237,488	230,289	212,847	236,976		197,480		188,107	215,739
North Dakota …………	23,387	23,039		23,548		24,826	23,575	21,570	22,667		21,746		22,437	23,713
Ohio ……………………	263,954	250,824		261,361		258,396	266,633	253,449	271,299		245,446		241,765	265,147
Oklahoma ……………	81,937	86,152		84,052		74,976	76,968	81,082	78,486		78,597		75,282	80,251
Oregon …………………	102,489	101,862		110,386		105,038	105,253	103,335	102,384		98,153		95,104	100,367
Pennsylvania …………	277,509	277,395		277,414		266,704	272,697	267,878	271,106		249,012		249,431	278,287
Rhode Island …………	26,383	26,185		26,789		24,678	27,100	25,787	27,144		24,229		23,887	28,695
South Carolina …………	129,611	100,477		128,913		113,237	110,389	117,324	112,911		93,825		106,262	108,448
South Dakota …………	21,371	21,218		22,202		20,396	22,031	21,480	20,331		20,696		22,444	21,436
Tennessee ……………	141,283	149,585		148,634		138,640	142,792	135,300	135,764		127,807		124,279	131,387
Texas …………………	612,249	621,424		652,219		584,029	607,026	548,504	565,749		537,389		541,312	562,489
Utah ……………………	85,338	91,311		87,692		92,927	89,306	80,041	80,280		78,369		78,342	83,159
Vermont ………………	18,662	17,596		18,863		17,446	18,074	18,380	19,550		17,285		16,200	18,303
Virginia ………………	195,880	178,662		199,472		201,989	194,478	184,766	198,599		176,271		175,654	187,801
Washington ……………	204,847	172,644		182,294		176,059	190,942	180,137	181,187		160,020		160,092	164,526
West Virginia …………	38,056	39,104		35,422		33,504	34,404	35,348	35,779		36,511		36,947	36,179
Wisconsin ……………	136,299	126,775		134,830		127,951	139,354	138,290	145,097		122,971		120,014	133,371
Wyoming ………………	17,365	17,117		20,839		18,347	18,043	17,344	17,393		16,307		16,590	20,240
Puerto Rico ……………	52,276	48,405		40,125		47,891	43,684	41,342	38,736		45,122		34,491	39,466
Virgin Islands …………	2,978	3,030		1,934		2,987	2,303	1,575	1,410		1,736		1,853	1,597

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state. NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

	Gross job gains as a percent of employment	Gross job losses as a percent of employment
State		(3 months ended)				(3 months ended)
June	Sept.	Dec.		Mar.	June	June	Sept.	Dec.		Mar.	June
	2018	2018	2018		2019	2019	2018	2018	2018		2019	2019
United States …………………..…	6.1	6.0	6.3		5.9	6.0	5.8	6.0	5.6		5.5	5.9
Alabama ………………………..	5.8	6.0	6.3		6.0	5.8	5.7	5.9	5.3		5.5	6.0
Alaska ………………………...…	10.9	8.9	11.0		10.0	10.8	10.7	10.7	9.8		9.0	10.2
Arizona ……………………….…	6.0	6.6	6.2		5.6	5.7	5.9	5.1	5.1		5.5	5.7
Arkansas …………………...……	5.0	6.1	5.9		5.2	5.0	5.7	5.6	5.0		5.1	5.7
California ………………………	6.7	6.5	6.9		6.3	6.6	6.4	6.2	5.9		6.2	6.4
Colorado …………………...……	6.8	6.6	6.8		6.6	7.0	6.1	6.8	6.0		6.3	6.2
Connecticut …………………….	5.8	5.3	5.3		5.2	5.8	5.1	5.7	4.9		5.7	5.9
Delaware …………………………	6.4	5.7	6.6		6.4	6.0	6.0	6.5	5.6		5.5	6.3
District of Columbia ……………	5.6	5.3	5.6		5.4	5.4	5.6	5.5	5.1		4.9	5.5
Florida ……………………………	6.4	6.8	6.4		6.1	6.5	6.1	5.8	6.1		5.6	6.3
Georgia …………………………	6.3	6.7	6.3		6.8	6.2	6.4	6.1	5.8		5.7	6.4
Hawaii ……………………….…	5.3	5.1	5.8		5.4	4.7	5.4	5.4	5.1		5.9	6.1
Idaho ………………………...…	7.3	6.8	7.4		7.5	7.1	6.8	6.9	6.3		6.1	6.7
Illinois ……………………..……	5.6	5.5	5.5		5.2	5.6	5.6	5.8	5.6		5.1	5.3
Indiana ………………………….	5.5	5.2	5.6		5.9	5.2	5.5	5.4	5.0		4.8	5.8
Iowa ……………………………	5.7	5.3	5.8		5.1	5.8	5.4	5.7	5.3		5.4	5.6
Kansas ……………………………	5.7	5.9	6.1		5.4	5.7	5.6	5.7	5.4		5.7	5.7
Kentucky …………………………	5.9	5.8	6.1		5.8	5.8	5.7	6.0	5.4		5.5	5.9
Louisiana ………………………	6.2	6.3	6.2		5.9	6.0	6.5	6.3	5.8		5.9	6.5
Maine ……………………..……	8.0	6.1	7.3		7.2	7.5	7.1	7.5	6.7		6.4	7.5
Maryland ……………………….	6.1	6.3	6.8		6.4	6.3	5.8	6.6	6.4		5.7	6.4
Massachusetts ……..……………	6.1	5.6	5.8		5.7	6.0	5.5	6.1	5.3		5.2	5.7
Michigan ……………..…………	5.5	5.0	5.6		5.1	5.5	5.2	6.2	5.2		4.6	5.8
Minnesota ………………………	5.8	5.5	5.7		5.2	5.8	5.2	5.7	5.4		5.1	5.5
Mississippi ………………………	5.7	5.9	6.5		5.7	5.8	6.0	5.9	5.3		6.2	6.0
Missouri …………………………	5.7	5.9	5.8		5.4	5.6	5.7	6.0	5.4		5.3	5.8
Montana …………………….……	8.0	7.2	8.9		7.6	8.0	7.8	7.9	7.2		8.0	7.7
Nebraska ……………...…………	5.8	5.9	5.9		5.7	5.7	5.8	5.9	5.7		5.6	5.7
Nevada ………………………….	6.1	6.7	6.6		6.0	5.9	5.8	5.7	5.5		5.4	6.0
New Hampshire …………………	6.7	5.7	6.6		6.3	6.4	6.2	6.8	5.7		5.7	6.3
New Jersey ………………………	6.5	6.0	6.4		5.7	6.2	5.8	6.4	5.7		5.6	5.8
New Mexico ……………………	6.7	6.4	6.8		6.4	6.3	6.2	6.4	6.1		5.8	6.3
New York ………………………	6.3	6.1	6.3		6.0	6.0	5.8	6.4	5.7		5.3	5.9
North Carolina …………………	6.1	5.7	6.7		6.3	6.1	5.7	6.4	5.3		5.1	5.7
North Dakota ……………………	6.7	6.6	6.8		7.1	6.7	6.2	6.6	6.2		6.4	6.7
Ohio ……………………………	5.6	5.4	5.6		5.5	5.6	5.4	5.8	5.3		5.1	5.7
Oklahoma ………………………	6.4	6.7	6.5		5.8	5.9	6.3	6.1	6.1		5.8	6.2
Oregon …………………………	6.2	6.2	6.7		6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.0		5.8	6.1
Pennsylvania ……………………	5.3	5.4	5.3		5.1	5.2	5.1	5.2	4.8		4.8	5.3
Rhode Island ……………………	6.3	6.2	6.4		5.8	6.4	6.1	6.4	5.7		5.6	6.7
South Carolina …………………	7.5	5.8	7.4		6.4	6.3	6.7	6.5	5.4		6.0	6.2
South Dakota ……………………	6.1	6.0	6.3		5.7	6.2	6.1	5.7	5.8		6.4	6.0
Tennessee ………………………	5.5	5.8	5.8		5.4	5.5	5.3	5.3	4.9		4.8	5.0
Texas ……………………………	5.9	6.0	6.2		5.5	5.7	5.3	5.4	5.2		5.2	5.3
Utah ……………………………	6.9	7.3	6.9		7.3	6.9	6.4	6.4	6.2		6.2	6.5
Vermont …………………………	7.2	6.9	7.4		6.7	6.9	7.1	7.6	6.8		6.3	7.1
Virginia …………………………	6.2	5.7	6.3		6.4	6.1	5.8	6.3	5.6		5.5	5.9
Washington ………………………	7.3	6.2	6.4		6.2	6.6	6.5	6.5	5.6		5.6	5.7
West Virginia ……………………	6.8	7.0	6.3		6.0	6.2	6.4	6.4	6.5		6.6	6.5
Wisconsin ………………………	5.5	5.1	5.4		5.1	5.5	5.5	5.9	5.0		4.8	5.3
Wyoming ………………………	8.4	8.3	10.0		8.6	8.5	8.4	8.4	7.8		7.8	9.6
Puerto Rico ………………………	7.9	7.2	6.0		7.1	6.4	6.2	5.8	6.8		5.1	5.8
Virgin Islands ……………………	13.2	12.8	7.9		11.9	8.8	7.0	5.9	7.1		7.4	6.1

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted (Levels in thousands)

			Number of Establishments			Employment
Year	3 months ended	Births	Deaths 1		Births			Deaths
		Level		Rate 2	Level		Rate	Level	Rate		Level		Rate
2009	March	197		2.7	247		3.4	738	0.7		869		0.8
	June	201		2.8	238		3.3	767	0.7		837		0.8
	September	192		2.7	227		3.2	725	0.7		793		0.7
	December	202		2.8	218		3.1	728	0.7		749		0.7
2010	March	193		2.7	211		3.0	706	0.7		687		0.7
	June	193		2.7	202		2.9	730	0.7		665		0.6
	September	207		2.9	204		2.9	754	0.7		701		0.7
	December	216		3.0	201		2.8	805	0.8		700		0.7
2011	March	204		2.9	200		2.8	715	0.7		632		0.6
	June	210		2.9	205		2.9	767	0.7		689		0.6
	September	206		2.9	196		2.7	794	0.7		675		0.6
	December	214		3.0	198		2.8	800	0.7		700		0.6
2012	March	236		3.3	188		2.6	787	0.7		614		0.6
	June	217		3.0	194		2.7	799	0.7		673		0.6
	September	210		2.9	196		2.7	804	0.7		692		0.6
	December	218		3.0	183		2.5	809	0.7		673		0.6
2013	March	205		2.8	193		2.6	748	0.7		648		0.6
	June	222		3.0	215		2.9	789	0.7		695		0.6
	September	219		2.9	195		2.6	818	0.7		678		0.6
	December	215		2.9	187		2.5	803	0.7		670		0.6
2014	March	220		2.9	190		2.5	784	0.7		635		0.6
	June	221		2.9	204		2.7	806	0.7		711		0.6
	September	225		3.0	199		2.6	825	0.7		703		0.6
	December	224		2.9	198		2.6	836	0.7		705		0.6
2015	March	233		3.0	206		2.7	817	0.7		694		0.6
	June	234		3.1	212		2.8	836	0.7		731		0.6
	September	242		3.1	207		2.7	880	0.7		702		0.6
	December	247		3.2	208		2.7	896	0.8		732		0.6
2016	March	236		3.0	203		2.6	789	0.7		668		0.6
	June	241		3.1	213		2.7	838	0.7		720		0.6
	September	239		3.0	214		2.7	869	0.7		746		0.6
	December	238		3.0	217		2.8	868	0.7		727		0.6
2017	March	241		3.0	203		2.6	803	0.7		663		0.5
	June	240		3.0	225		2.8	848	0.7		756		0.6
	September	242		3.0	225		2.8	849	0.7		762		0.6
	December	246		3.1	216		2.7	854	0.7		732		0.6
2018	March	248		3.1	214		2.7	811	0.7		663		0.5
	June	265		3.3	231		2.9	880	0.7		774		0.6
	September	251		3.1	231		2.8	867	0.7		787		0.6
	December	249		3.1	N/A		N/A	863	0.7		N/A		N/A
2019	March	256		3.1	N/A		N/A	814	0.6		N/A		N/A
	June	257		3.1	N/A		N/A	848	0.7		N/A		N/A

1. Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.
2. The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments