Bezos started Amazon in 1994, with a simple but powerful vision: to create the world's largest bookstore. He quickly expanded this vision to encompass all types of e-commerce. Amazon's growth has been meteoric, but not without obstacles. Bezos guided the company through the ups and downs of the dot-com bubble and beyond, remaining steadfast in his belief that e-commerce was the future.

One of Bezos's core principles is customer obsession. He has instilled in Amazon a culture where decisions are made based on what's best for the customer, not necessarily what's best for short-term margins or even competitors. This approach has led to innovations such as two-day delivery with Amazon Prime, which has redefined consumer expectations of speed and convenience.

Tolerance of criticism is another principle Bezos has embraced. He understood that success and visibility inevitably attract criticism, and fostered a culture where criticism is used to continually improve. This has enabled Amazon to remain agile and receptive to change, even in the face of sometimes harsh criticism.

Bezos also advocated the acceptance of failure as an essential element of innovation. He often stressed that to invent, you have to be prepared to fail. This philosophy enabled Amazon to embark on risky projects, some of which became resounding successes like AWS, while others were costly but instructive failures.

Data-driven decision-making has been another pillar of Amazon's management. Bezos has stressed the importance of relying on solid data to guide decisions, while remaining open to intuition and instinct when data is unavailable or unclear.

Long-term vision has always been at the heart of Amazon's strategy. Bezos invested in technologies and infrastructures that didn't generate immediate profits but positioned the company for future success. This approach has enabled Amazon to become a leader in areas such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence.

The culture of constant innovation is perhaps the most distinctive feature of Bezos's management. He has encouraged his employees to be bold, to experiment and not to be afraid of challenging the status quo. This culture led to a series of innovations that not only benefited Amazon but also redefined entire industries.

Frugality, despite Amazon's size and success, has been maintained as a management principle. Bezos has ensured that the company uses its resources efficiently, avoiding waste and investing wisely in projects with high ROI potential.

Diversification has been another key strategy under Bezos' leadership. Amazon has expanded beyond online retailing, entering fields such as cloud computing, video streaming and even space exploration with Blue Origin. This diversification has reduced risk and created new revenue streams for the company.

Perseverance is a trait that Bezos has embodied throughout his career. He has guided Amazon through difficult times, staying focused on his vision and adapting to market changes.

Finally, Bezos' leadership was characterized by the promotion of autonomy and responsibility. He encouraged his employees to act like owners, to be innovative and to think big.

Jeff Bezos applied management principles that propelled Amazon to the top. His ability to anticipate consumer needs, embrace change and invest in the future has made Amazon a model of success in the digital age. For investors, these principles can be translated into investment strategies: focus on companies that put the customer first, are willing to innovate and take calculated risks, make decisions based on solid data, and have a long-term vision. By adopting an approach similar to Bezos's, investors can identify companies well positioned for future growth, and potentially reap significant rewards on the financial markets.